Manage temporary works on construction projects

If your construction project involves formwork, falsework, propping, shoring, cofferdams, or any other temporary structure that supports permanent works during construction, you must manage those temporary works through a formal process. Failing to ensure temporary works are properly designed, checked and controlled breaches the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (in particular regulation 19, stability of structures) and is a criminal offence.

Temporary works failures cause deaths and serious injuries on UK construction sites. Collapses of falsework, formwork, and propping systems happen when temporary works are not properly designed, checked, erected, or removed. HSE investigates every serious incident and prosecutes where duties have been breached.

When this applies

You need a formal temporary works management process whenever your project involves any of the following:

• formwork: moulds for casting in-situ concrete (walls, columns, slabs, beams)
• falsework: temporary structures supporting formwork or permanent works during construction (e.g. supporting a bridge deck while concrete cures)
• propping: vertical support to floors, beams, or slabs during alteration, demolition, or construction
• shoring: lateral or raking support to walls or structures at risk of movement or collapse
• cofferdams: watertight enclosures for below-water or below-ground construction
• ground support: trench sheets, sheet piling, and ground anchors
• temporary access structures: heavy-duty access platforms or working platforms for plant

Even simple propping during wall removal in a refurbishment project requires formal temporary works management. The scale of the process should be proportionate to the risk, but the core steps always apply.

Appoint a Temporary Works Coordinator

The principal contractor should appoint a Temporary Works Coordinator (TWC) for every project that involves temporary works, in line with BS 5975. The TWC is an industry-practice role, not a statutory appointment - the legal duties are the general CDM 2015 ones (regulation 13 management duties and regulation 19 stability of structures) - but HSE expects a systematic approach equivalent to BS 5975, and appointing a TWC is how those duties are normally discharged. The appointment should be made in writing and recorded in the construction phase plan.

What the TWC does

The TWC is the single point of responsibility for all temporary works on the project. Their duties include:

• Establishing and maintaining the temporary works register
• Issuing design briefs to temporary works designers
• Ensuring all designs are independently checked before erection begins
• Issuing permits to load before any loading is applied
• Issuing permits to strike before any temporary works are removed
• Arranging inspections and monitoring during use
• Recording all decisions and approvals

On smaller projects, the site manager or project manager may act as TWC provided they have the required competence. On larger or more complex projects, the TWC should be a dedicated role held by a chartered or incorporated engineer with temporary works experience.

Follow the BS 5975 process

BS 5975 sets out the standard process for managing temporary works. The standard was reissued in December 2024 as two parts: BS 5975-1:2024 (management and procedures) and BS 5975-2:2024 (falsework design), replacing the previous BS 5975:2019 edition. Although BS 5975 is not itself legislation, following it demonstrates compliance with CDM 2015 duties. HSE expects contractors to follow BS 5975 or an equivalent systematic approach.

The five key steps

The BS 5975 process follows a structured sequence that must not be shortcut:

1. The TWC issues a written design brief to the temporary works designer specifying loadings, ground conditions, interfaces with permanent works, sequencing constraints, and any access or environmental restrictions.
2. The designer produces calculations, drawings, and specifications. A separate competent Design Checker then independently verifies the design. The checker must not be the same person who produced the design, and should not be from the same organisation unless a rigorous internal checking procedure is documented and in place.
3. Before any load is applied to the temporary works (for example, pouring concrete onto falsework), the TWC inspects the erected structure, confirms it matches the design, and issues a written permit to load. No concrete pour, structural loading, or other use may proceed without this permit.
4. The temporary works must be inspected before first use, at regular intervals during use, and after any event that could affect stability such as high winds, impact, or adjacent excavation. Any movement, deformation, or damage must be reported to the TWC immediately.
5. Before any temporary works are removed or dismantled, the TWC confirms the permanent works have gained sufficient strength to be self-supporting and issues a written permit to strike. Premature removal of temporary works before the permanent structure can carry its own weight is a common cause of collapse.

Maintain the temporary works register

The TWC must maintain a temporary works register listing every item of temporary works on the project. For each entry, the register should record:

• Description and location of the temporary works
• Name of the designer and design checker
• Current status (designed, checked, erected, loaded, struck)
• Dates of permits issued (permit to load, permit to strike)
• Inspection dates and findings
• Name of the responsible person on site

The register is a live document that must be updated as temporary works progress through the project. It forms part of the project health and safety records and should be available for HSE inspection at any time.

Work near unstable structures, heavy prefabricated elements and operations with a risk of burial are CDM 2015 Schedule 3 risks that often overlap with temporary works, so record their control measures in the construction phase plan. Where temporary works support a structure during alteration or partial demolition, the TWC should work with the structural engineer so the support scheme follows the actual load path at every stage, not just the final condition.

Handover and striking procedures

Handover of temporary works between trades or contractors is a high-risk point. Many temporary works failures occur when one contractor erects temporary support and another contractor later modifies or removes it without understanding the design intent.

To manage handover safely:

• Record in writing which contractor is taking responsibility for the temporary works, what condition they are in, and any restrictions on modification or loading
• Brief the receiving contractor so they understand what the temporary works are supporting, what loads they can carry, and what must not be altered without the TWC's approval
• Record the handover in the temporary works register with signatures from both parties
• No temporary works may be struck without a permit to strike from the TWC, regardless of which contractor erected them

Common mistakes to avoid

• Removing props to make room for follow-on trades without a permit to strike
• Assuming concrete has reached sufficient strength without testing or waiting the specified curing period
• Partially dismantling falsework to reuse materials elsewhere on site
• Failing to communicate the temporary works design to subcontractors working in the area
• Not reinstating temporary works that have been disturbed by other trades