The two VAT registration tests

You must register for VAT if either of these applies:

1. Historic test (looking back)

At the end of any month, your taxable turnover in the last 12 months exceeded £90,000.

Deadline: Register within 30 days of the end of that month.

Registration effective from: The first day of the second month after exceeding the threshold.

2. Future test (looking forward)

At any time, you expect to exceed £90,000 in the next 30 days alone.

Deadline: Register immediately (before exceeding).

Registration effective from: The date you expect to exceed the threshold.

VAT registration threshold

£90,000 taxable turnover (from 1 April 2024)

Calculation period

Rolling 12 months (not tax year or calendar year)

Registration deadline (historic test)

Within 30 days of end of month threshold exceeded

Registration deadline (future test)

Before you expect to exceed £90,000 in next 30 days

Deregistration threshold

£88,000 - can deregister if turnover falls below

What counts as taxable turnover

Your taxable turnover includes all sales of goods and services that are VAT-taxable. This includes three categories:

Standard-rated (20%): Most goods and services
Reduced-rated (5%): Domestic fuel, children's car seats, some energy-saving materials
Zero-rated (0%): Most food, children's clothes, books, newspapers, exports

Important: Zero-rated sales still count towards the threshold, even though the VAT rate is 0%.

What does NOT count

Exclude these from your taxable turnover calculation:

VAT-exempt sales: Insurance, finance/credit, education, health services, betting/gambling, burial/cremation services
Sales outside the UK: Goods sold abroad (though these may trigger distance selling obligations)
Non-business income: Grants, donations (unless for specific goods/services), hobby income
Sales of capital assets: Selling business equipment you've used (one-off sales, not if selling is part of your business)

Mixed supplies: If you make both taxable and exempt sales, only include the taxable portion. Seek advice on partial exemption if this applies to you.

How to calculate your taxable turnover

Use the rolling 12-month method:

1

Step 1: Choose your check date

Check at the end of each month. Your calculation looks back 12 months from that date.
2

Step 2: Total all taxable sales

Add up all standard-rated, reduced-rated, and zero-rated sales in the last 12 months. Exclude VAT-exempt and non-business income.
3

Step 3: Compare to threshold

If total exceeds £90,000, you must register. If approaching £90,000, monitor more frequently.
4

Step 4: Consider the forward test

If you have a large contract or seasonal spike coming, check whether you expect to exceed £90,000 in the next 30 days alone.

Example: Rolling 12-month calculation

Month	Monthly sales	Rolling 12-month total	Action
January 2025	£6,500	£78,000	Monitor
February 2025	£7,000	£82,500	Monitor closely
March 2025	£8,500	£88,000	Approaching threshold
April 2025	£5,000	£91,500	Must register by 30 May

In this example, the business exceeded £90,000 at the end of April 2025. They must register by 30 May 2025, and VAT registration takes effect from 1 June 2025.

When you must register

If you've exceeded the threshold, you must:

Register within 30 days of the end of the month you exceeded the threshold
Start charging VAT from the effective registration date (first day of second month after exceeding)
Keep VAT records using Making Tax Digital-compatible software

VAT registration threshold and requirements

£90,000 turnover threshold triggering mandatory VAT registration and Making Tax Digital compliance

VAT registration becomes mandatory when your taxable turnover exceeds £90,000 in a rolling 12-month period (as of 1 April 2024). You can also register voluntarily below this threshold.

Mandatory threshold: £90,000 taxable turnover in rolling 12 months
Registration deadline: 30 days after exceeding threshold
Voluntary registration: Allowed at any turnover level
Deregistration threshold: £88,000 - can deregister if turnover falls below
Standard rate: 20% (most goods and services)
Reduced rate: 5% (domestic fuel, children's car seats, etc.)
Zero rate: 0% (most food, books, children's clothes, etc.)

What counts as 'taxable turnover':

Includes: Standard-rated, reduced-rated, and zero-rated sales
Excludes: VAT-exempt sales (insurance, finance, education, health), goods sold outside the UK
Calculate over rolling 12-month period - if last 12 months exceed £90,000, you must register
Future test: If you expect to exceed £90,000 in next 30 days alone, register immediately

Making Tax Digital (MTD) for VAT - mandatory for ALL VAT-registered businesses:

You must keep digital VAT records using MTD-compatible software
Submit VAT returns directly from the software via HMRC API
Applies to all VAT-registered businesses regardless of turnover (since April 2022)
Penalties for non-compliance: Points-based penalty system (4 points for quarterly, 5 for monthly, 2 for annual filers trigger penalties). Late filing penalties start from £200 per late submission after reaching penalty point threshold

Should you register voluntarily below £90,000?

Reasons TO register:

Reclaim VAT on business purchases and expenses (especially valuable for high capital expenditure)
Appear more established and professional to B2B customers
Necessary to trade with VAT-registered B2B customers who want VAT invoices

Reasons NOT to register:

Administrative burden of VAT returns, MTD software, and record-keeping
20% price increase if selling to consumers who can't reclaim VAT
Cash flow impact - you collect VAT from customers and pay it to HMRC before receiving payment if not using Cash Accounting scheme

VAT schemes for small businesses:

Flat Rate Scheme: Pay flat percentage (6.5%-14.5% depending on sector) of gross turnover instead of tracking input VAT. Available when joining VAT if turnover under £150,000. You must leave the scheme if turnover exceeds £230,000 (including VAT).
Cash Accounting: Pay VAT when customers pay you, not when you invoice. Join if turnover under £1.35 million, leave if exceeds £1.6 million.
Annual Accounting: File one VAT return per year instead of four, make advance payments. Join if turnover under £1.35 million, leave if exceeds £1.6 million.

Penalties for late registration:

You must pay VAT due from when you should have registered, even if you didn't charge customers
Late registration penalty: Percentage of VAT due for period of non-registration based on behaviour: Non-deliberate 0-30%, Deliberate 20-70%, Deliberate and concealed 30-100%. Minimum penalty £50
Criminal prosecution possible for deliberate failure to register

Deregistration: If your turnover falls below £88,000 (deregistration threshold), you can choose to deregister. You must deregister if you stop making taxable supplies altogether.

Register for VAT online

Official source: gov.uk/vat-registration-thresholds

What if you're approaching the threshold?

If your taxable turnover is between £70,000 and £90,000, you should:

Monitor monthly: Calculate your rolling 12-month turnover at the end of each month
Plan ahead: Understand when you're likely to cross the threshold
Consider voluntary registration: Registering early may be beneficial (see below)
Set up systems: Choose accounting software and understand VAT record-keeping before you need to

Do not:

Artificially split your business to stay under the threshold (VAT avoidance)
Delay invoicing to postpone registration (HMRC considers when services are supplied, not when invoiced)
Ignore the forward test if you have large contracts coming

Voluntary registration

You can register for VAT even if your turnover is below £90,000. This is called voluntary registration and can make business sense in certain situations.

Voluntary VAT registration overview

When and why businesses below the VAT threshold may choose to register voluntarily, including eligibility requirements.

Voluntary VAT registration allows businesses with taxable turnover below the £90,000 threshold to register for VAT. This can provide significant benefits for certain business types, but creates additional administrative obligations and may affect pricing for customers who cannot reclaim VAT.

VAT registration threshold (2024/25): £90,000 per year
Voluntary registration eligibility: Any business making taxable supplies, regardless of turnover
Minimum turnover requirement: None - even businesses with zero turnover can register if making taxable supplies
Intending trader registration: Can register before making taxable supplies if you intend to do so

Eligibility for voluntary registration

You can voluntarily register for VAT if you:

Make (or intend to make) taxable supplies of goods or services
Are in business or intend to be in business
Have a business address in the UK (or an establishment here)

You cannot register if you only make exempt supplies (such as insurance, education, or certain financial services).

Register for VAT

Benefits of voluntary VAT registration

Key advantages of registering for VAT voluntarily, including input VAT recovery, business credibility, and pre-registration VAT claims.

Reclaim VAT on business expenses (input VAT)

Once VAT-registered, you can reclaim the VAT paid on business purchases and expenses. This includes:

Stock and materials
Equipment and machinery
Professional services (accountants, lawyers)
Office supplies and utilities
Business premises costs

For businesses with significant expenses, particularly those buying standard-rated goods and services, this can substantially reduce costs.

VAT recovery benefit: Reclaim 20% VAT on most business purchases
Net cost reduction: Standard-rated purchases effectively cost 16.67% less
Cash flow impact: Quarterly VAT refunds if input VAT exceeds output VAT
Monthly returns option: Available for businesses expecting regular VAT refunds

Pre-registration VAT claims

You can reclaim VAT on purchases made before you registered, subject to time limits and conditions:

Goods: VAT on goods still held at registration date can be reclaimed up to 4 years before registration
Services: VAT on services received within 6 months before registration can be reclaimed

This is particularly valuable for new businesses with significant startup costs, such as equipment purchases, fit-out costs, or professional fees.

Pre-registration goods time limit: Up to 4 years before registration (if still held at registration)
Pre-registration services time limit: Up to 6 months before registration
Goods condition: Must still be held at the date of registration (not sold or consumed)
Services condition: Must relate to the business you are registering

Business credibility and perception

VAT registration can enhance business credibility:

Signals an established, professional business
May be required or preferred by larger clients and supply chains
Removes the "cliff edge" concern when approaching the threshold
Demonstrates compliance readiness to investors and lenders

Benefits for B2B businesses

When you charge VAT to VAT-registered business customers, they can reclaim it as input VAT. This means:

Your prices are effectively the same to them as a non-VAT-registered competitor
You gain the VAT reclaim benefit without putting your customers at a disadvantage
Some large businesses prefer or require VAT-registered suppliers

When voluntary registration makes sense

Consider registering voluntarily if:

You sell mainly to VAT-registered businesses (B2B) - they can reclaim the VAT you charge
You have significant business expenses with VAT - you can reclaim this as input VAT
You export goods - exports are zero-rated so you charge no VAT but can reclaim input VAT
You're approaching the threshold anyway - get systems in place early
You want to appear more established to potential clients

Avoid voluntary registration if:

You sell mainly to consumers (B2C) - they cannot reclaim VAT, so your prices effectively increase by 20%
You have minimal VAT-able expenses - the administrative burden outweighs the benefit
Your competitors are not VAT-registered - you may be at a pricing disadvantage

VAT registration: when and how to register

VAT registration thresholds, deadlines, and process for 2026/27.

VAT registration is required if taxable turnover exceeds £90,000 in any 12-month rolling period. Registration is also available voluntarily if turnover is below this threshold.

VAT registration threshold: £90,000 per year (from 1 April 2024)
Deregistration threshold: £88,000 per year
Registration deadline: Within 30 days of exceeding threshold
Penalty for late registration: Penalties and interest on VAT that should have been collected

Calculating taxable turnover

Count sales of VAT-taxable goods and services (standard, reduced, or zero-rated). Do not count:

VAT-exempt sales (insurance, education, health services)
Sales of capital assets (equipment you're selling)
Non-business income

Use a rolling 12-month calculation: At the end of each month, look back over the previous 12 months. If total taxable turnover exceeds £90,000, you must register.

Voluntary registration

VAT registration is available even if turnover is below £90,000. Benefits include:

Reclaim VAT on expenses Including startup costs (up to 4 years before registration)
Business credibility VAT registration can make businesses appear more established
Work with VAT-registered businesses They can reclaim VAT charged to them
Prepare for growth Get VAT processes in place before mandatory registration

Drawback VAT must be charged to customers, which may increase prices or reduce margins if absorbed.

Registration process

Register online via HMRC (gov.uk/register-for-vat)
Provide business information: Name, address, turnover, business activities, bank details
Choose VAT scheme (standard accounting, flat rate, cash accounting)
Receive VAT registration number within 30 working days
Start charging VAT from your effective registration date

Processing time: Usually within 30 working days
Effective date: Date you exceeded threshold, or date you choose (voluntary)
First VAT return due: By 1 month and 7 days after end of first VAT period (usually quarterly)

Register for VAT

Penalties for late registration

If you fail to register on time, HMRC will:

Back-date your registration: You owe VAT from when you should have registered, even if you didn't charge customers
Charge penalties: Based on the VAT due during the period of non-registration:
- Non-deliberate: 0-30% of VAT due
- Deliberate: 20-70% of VAT due
- Deliberate and concealed: 30-100% of VAT due
Charge interest: On unpaid VAT from when it should have been paid

Minimum penalty: £50

If you realise you should have registered earlier, notify HMRC promptly. Voluntary disclosure typically results in lower penalties.

What happens after registration

Once registered, you must:

Charge VAT on taxable sales at the appropriate rate
Issue VAT invoices showing VAT separately
Keep digital records using Making Tax Digital-compatible software
Submit VAT returns quarterly (usually) via your software
Pay VAT due by 1 month and 7 days after the VAT period ends

Register for VAT online

Check if you need to register for VAT

VAT registration

Voluntary VAT registration - pros and cons

VAT for retail businesses

How taxes work for limited companies

Go full-time with your business

The two VAT registration tests

1. Historic test (looking back)

2. Future test (looking forward)

What counts as taxable turnover

What does NOT count

How to calculate your taxable turnover

Step 1: Choose your check date

Step 2: Total all taxable sales

Step 3: Compare to threshold

Step 4: Consider the forward test

Example: Rolling 12-month calculation

When you must register

What if you're approaching the threshold?

Voluntary registration

When voluntary registration makes sense

Penalties for late registration

What happens after registration

Related guides in Tax & Finance

VAT registration

Voluntary VAT registration - pros and cons

VAT for retail businesses

How taxes work for limited companies

Go full-time with your business

The two VAT registration tests

1. Historic test (looking back)

2. Future test (looking forward)

What counts as taxable turnover

What does NOT count

How to calculate your taxable turnover

Step 1: Choose your check date

Step 2: Total all taxable sales

Step 3: Compare to threshold

Step 4: Consider the forward test

Example: Rolling 12-month calculation

When you must register

What if you're approaching the threshold?

Voluntary registration

When voluntary registration makes sense

Penalties for late registration

What happens after registration