Northern Ireland

Respond to HSENI enforcement action

What to do when the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland (HSENI) issues an improvement notice, prohibition notice, or prosecutes your business. Covers your rights of appeal under the Health and Safety at Work (NI) Order 1978, practical steps, timescales, and how HSENI enforcement differs from HSE in Great Britain.

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If HSENI has served your business with an enforcement notice or informed you of a prosecution, you need to act quickly and methodically. Enforcement action ranges from informal advice through to criminal prosecution, and the steps you take in the first few days can significantly affect the outcome.

This guide covers the three main types of formal enforcement action HSENI takes, what your rights are at each stage, and practical steps to protect your business. It applies whether HSENI or a district council environmental health officer served the notice.

Types of enforcement action

Improvement notices

An improvement notice requires you to remedy a contravention of health and safety law within a specified period. The notice will state exactly what the contravention is, which legal provision has been breached, and the date by which you must comply. The compliance period is typically at least 21 days.

You can continue working while an improvement notice is in force, provided the activity does not pose an immediate risk of serious injury. However, you must comply by the deadline stated in the notice.

Prohibition notices

A prohibition notice requires you to stop an activity immediately (or from a specified date) because the inspector believes there is a risk of serious personal injury. You must not resume the activity until you have taken the steps specified in the notice and the inspector is satisfied.

Prohibition notices take effect immediately in most cases. Continuing the prohibited activity is a criminal offence carrying unlimited fines and potential imprisonment.

Prosecution

HSENI may prosecute for serious breaches, particularly where there has been a death, serious injury, repeated non-compliance, or deliberate disregard of legal requirements. Cases are heard in the magistrates' court or, for more serious offences, the Crown Court.

What to do when you receive a notice

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    1. Do not ignore the notice

    Read the notice carefully and note the compliance deadline. Failure to comply with an improvement notice by the stated date is a criminal offence. Continuing a prohibited activity after a prohibition notice is served is also a criminal offence. Both carry unlimited fines in the Crown Court.

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    2. Keep detailed records

    Record the date and time of the inspection, the inspector's name and contact details, exactly what was said during the visit, and what documents or photographs the inspector took. If possible, take your own photographs of the conditions at the time of inspection. These records may be important if you decide to appeal or if the matter proceeds to prosecution.

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    3. Seek legal advice promptly

    Contact a solicitor experienced in health and safety law as soon as possible, particularly if you intend to appeal or if HSENI has indicated prosecution. The Law Society of Northern Ireland can help you find a suitable solicitor. Many firms offer initial consultations at no charge for enforcement matters.

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    4. Understand your appeal rights

    You can appeal an improvement notice or a prohibition notice to an industrial tribunal within 21 days of the notice being served. For an improvement notice, lodging an appeal suspends the notice until the tribunal decides. For a prohibition notice, the notice remains in force during the appeal unless the tribunal directs otherwise. You must continue to comply with a prohibition notice while appealing.

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    5. Take corrective action

    Even if you intend to appeal, begin addressing the issues identified. Demonstrating that you have taken the matter seriously and acted promptly will be viewed favourably by both the tribunal and the courts. Document all remedial steps with photographs, receipts, training records, and revised risk assessments.

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    6. Communicate with HSENI

    If you need more time to comply with an improvement notice, contact the inspector before the deadline. HSENI may agree to extend the compliance period if you can demonstrate genuine progress. Do not simply let the deadline pass without communication.

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    7. Review and improve your safety management

    Use the enforcement action as a catalyst to review your broader health and safety arrangements. Consider whether the issues identified point to systemic weaknesses in your risk assessments, training, supervision, or maintenance procedures. Repeat enforcement action attracts significantly harsher penalties.

If HSENI is prosecuting your business

If you receive notification that HSENI intends to prosecute, you should immediately instruct a solicitor. Key points to be aware of:

  • Magistrates' court: Hears less serious cases. Maximum fine is unlimited for most health and safety offences. Maximum custodial sentence is 6 months for some offences.
  • Crown Court: Hears more serious cases. Unlimited fines and custodial sentences of up to 2 years for certain offences (including failing to comply with enforcement notices and some specific offences under the 1978 Order).
  • Individual liability: Directors, managers, and other officers of a body corporate can be prosecuted personally if the offence was committed with their consent or connivance, or was attributable to their neglect.

What happens next

After resolving the immediate enforcement action, take stock of your wider compliance position. HSENI publishes details of prosecutions and enforcement notices, so there is a reputational dimension to consider. Building a positive relationship with your inspector through proactive compliance is the best way to reduce the risk of future enforcement action.

Official guidance and resources